Missing+HomeWork


 * Comic Strip

GEOLOGY - (3810-2) * - 74-78 concept map 10/29/2009 10** · Elements are the building blocks of minerals. · Element- a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler subjects by chemical or physical means. · There are 90 different elements found in nature. · There are 23 synthetic elements. · Periodic Table- rows of elements with similar properties in the same column. · Chemical Compounds- many reactive elements that join together with atoms of one or more other elements. · Most minerals are chemical compounds consisting of 2 or more different elements. · Atom- smallest particle of matter that retains the essential characteristics of an element. · Nucleus- central region of an atom. · Protons- dense particles with positive electrical charges. · Neutrons- same mass as protons, but lack electrical charge. · Electrons- orbit the nucleus, have a negative electrical charge. · Studies of electron configurations predict that individual electrons move within regions around the nucleus called principal shells or energy levels. · Forces holding atoms together are electrical. · Only noble gases, such as neon and argon have a complete outermost principal shell. · A chemical bond is the sharing or transfer of elements to attain a stable electron configuring among the bonding atoms. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">If electrons are transferred, it is ionic. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">If electrons are shared, it is covalent. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">Common example of an ionic bond-sodium and chlorine; sodium chloride, table salt. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">Metallic Bonding-The type of electron sharing found in metals such as copper, gold, aluminum, and sulfur. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">Mass Number- total number of neutrons and protons. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">Isotopes- atoms with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">Radioactive Decay- when isotopes disintegrate occurs when the forces that bind the nucleus aren't strong enough. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Bushveld Complex in South Africa contains over 70% of the world's known reserves of platinum. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">The igneous process produces gold, silver, copper, mercury, lead, platinum, and nickel. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">As a large magma body cool, the heavy minerals that crystallize early tend to settle to the lower portion of the magma chamber. · __Pegamites__ <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">-coarse grained igneous rock commonly found as a dike associated with a large mass of plutonic rock that has smaller crystals. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Most pegamites are granitic in composition and consist of unusually large crystals of quartz, feldspar, and muscovite. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Minerals containing the elements lithium, cesium, uranium, and the rare Earth's are occasionally found. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Although best known as gems, diamonds are used extensively as abrasives. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Some magmas become enriched in iron or occasionally copper instead of pegmatite. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Diamonds originate at depths of nearly 200 km, where the confining pressure is great enough to generate this high-pressure form of carbon. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">The most productive kimberlitic pipes are those found in South Africa. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Hydrothermal solutions are the hot, watery solution that escapes from a mass of magma during the latter stages of crystallization. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Vein Deposit- A mineral filling a fracture or fault in a host rock. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Hydrothermal Solution- most important ore deposits, gold deposits of the Homestake mine, lead, zinc, and silver ores near Coeur d'Alene. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Disseminated deposit- Any economic mineral deposit in which the desired mineral occurs as scattered particles in the rock but in sufficient quantity to make the deposit an ore. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Many of the most important metamorphic ore deposits are produced by contact metamorphism. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">The most common metallic minerals associated with contact metamorphism are zinc, lead, copper, and iron. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Secondary enrichment is the concentration of minor amounts of metals that are scattered through unweathered rock into economically valuable concentrations by weathering processes. ** GEOLOGY - (3810-2) * - 83-87 concept map wiki post 11/03/2009 10** · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">All specimens of halite have the same hardness, the same density, and break in a similar manner. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Each mineral has a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition that give it a unique set of physical and chemical properties shared by all samples of that mineral. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">4 most frequently used properties used for mineral identification are- luster, the ability to transmit light, color, and streak. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">The primary physical properties that are commonly used to identify hand samples are luster, color, streak, crystal shape, tenacity, hardness and specific gravity. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Secondary properties that are exhibited by a limited number of minerals include magnetism, taste, feel, smell, double refraction, and chemical reaction to hydrochloric acid. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Diagnostic physical properties of minerals are those that can be determined by observation or by performing a simple test. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Luster is the appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Another optical property used in the identification of minerals is the ability to transmit light. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Opaque-when no light is transmitted; Translucent- when light, but no image can be transmitted; Transparent- when light and an image can be transmitted. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Color is generally the most conspicuous characteristic of any mineral, it is considered a diagnostic property of only a few minerals. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Streak is the color of the powdered mineral. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Habit is a term used by minerologists to refer to the common or characteristic shape of a crystal or aggregate of crystals. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Tenacity describes a mineral's toughness, or its resistance to breaking or deforming. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Minerals that have structures that are equally, or nearly equally, strong in all directions fracture to form irregular surfaces. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Cleavage is sometimes confused with crystal shape. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Density is an important property of matter defined as mass per unit volume usually expressed as grams per cubic centimeter. · <span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Specific Gravity is a unit less number representing the ratio of a mineral's weight of an equal volume of water. · There are 4 cleavage directions for minerals. · Silicates are accounted for 90% of the earth's crust. · silicates-most dominant mineral class · mineral species- collection of specimens that exhibit similar internal structures and chemical compositions · mineral classes are divided into groups based on similarities in atomic structures or compositions · Minerals with the same composition, but different crystal structures are called polymorphs. · Every silicate mineral contains the elements oxygen and silicon. · nonsilicates- other mineral classes that are less abundant than the silicates · fundamental building block= silicon-oxygen tetrahedron consists of 4 oxygen anions · Two members of the mica group are called biotite and muscovite. · Feldspar is the most common mineral group, it can form under a wide range of temperatures and pressures. · feldspar group-most common group, has 2 planes meeting at 90 degree angles and have a luster that ranges from glassy to pearly muscovite-light in color and has a pearly luster · clay minerals-variety of complex minerals that have a sheet structure · dark silicates- those containing ions of iron · olivine group- family of high temperature silicate minerals that are black to olive green · pyroxene group- group of complex minerals that are imp. to earths mantle · garnet-similar to olivine other than that its structure is linked by metallic ions  light silicates are generally light in color and have specific gravity of about 2.7. · Quartz is the only common silicate mineral consisting entirely of silicon and oxygen.
 * GEOLOGY - (3810-2) * - 643-647 notes wiki post 11/02/2009 10**
 * GEOLOGY - (3810-2) * - 87-95 concept map 11/17/2009 10**